Injury& Risk Prevention

Recent research within female sport, including football, is gradually giving a clearer picture of the incidence and nature of injuries. Current understanding suggests knee and ankle injuries are the most prevalent in female football with ACL injuries and concussion being a particular concern due to their frequency when compared with male football. With research in its infancy, no overarching approach and solution has yet emerged. However progress has been made in understanding some of the multiple factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, that may increase injury risk.

One factor that remains consistent in relation to injury in males and females, adults and youth sport alike is the risk of a reoccurrence. A history of previous injury is a strong predictor for future injury occurrence. This emphasises the need for targeted prevention and rehabilitation strategies.

Below we explore different factors and offer advice based on current research. Links to evidence relating to practical guidelines for reducing injury risk amongst female players are provided.

Hormonal

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There is currently no consensus on a proven training schedule to reduce the risk of injury during different phases of menstruation. While recent research has linked different parts of the the menstrual cycle to an increased risk of injury, especially in adolescents, the different experiences of females in terms of timing and symptoms during menstruation means that no one size fits all approach to training has emerged. However, there appears to be an agreement on how an individual tracking their own cycle and response to training could enable them to plan training more effectively.

link to menstruation

Movement mechanics

The female anatomy is linked to biomechanical differences that can increase the risk of injury, particularly in landing and cutting activities. The angle of the femur changes movement mechanics and alters the impact and direction of force through the knee making females more vulnerable to injury. When landing, females can also be quadricep dominant due to weaker hamstrings. Core strength has also been noted as a factor to consider in injury prevention for females.

Link to Movement mechanics

Coping strategies (Psychological)

Injury within sport has recently been linked with personality factors, stress and stress response plus the presence of or lack of coping strategies in athletes. It is suggested that negative life events have a strong association with injury risk while psychological injury prevention interventions have a positive impact in reducing injuries.

Link to coping strategies

Sleep

Sleep is a crucial component of optimal performance for female athletes, playing a vital role in recovery, muscle repair, and overall well-being. Adequate sleep not only enhances physical performance but also improves mental focus and decision-making on the field. Prioritising sleep can lead to better training outcomes and a reduced risk of injury, ultimately helping female athletes reach their full potential.

Link to sleep

Training environment

A supportive coaching environment is crucial for promoting the growth and development of females in football. It fosters confidence, encourages teamwork and enhances skills while providing a safe space for players to express themselves. Cultivating a positive atmosphere with a holistic approach can inspire female athletes to reach their full potential, both on and off the field.

Link to training environment

Concussion

Recent research suggests that females are more susceptible to concussion with symptoms lasting longer and sex-specific physiology impacting recovery. It is also suggested that females have lower tolerance to head impacts due to a number of factors. The result of this means that female concussion needs to be assessed and managed with the gender differences in mind.

Link to concussion